This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current Land and Soil policy framework and the related shortcomings, especially in terms of policy cohesion and implementation, as well as overall effectiveness. The subsequent sections present case studies of different sets of legal and policy instruments, economic tools and incentives, as well as policies and programmes implemented across different countries. The case studies were selected based on the criteria of regional balance, different spatial scales, type of policies and/or governance arrangements, plus their relevance to state and trends of land resources as detailed in Chapter 8 of this report.