The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) framework were constructed to interlink economic, environmental and social dimensions. The importance of achieving sustainability relies on understanding the synergies and trade-offs between implemented actions and the actions that may hinder or empower them. The Measuring Progress series explores the relationship between environmental indicators and economic or social indicators. This third edition of the Measuring Progress report focuses on statistical methods to understand these interlinkages through the prism of water ecosystems and the SDGs. In so doing, it provides insight into how freshwater- and marine-related ecosystems are impacted by various drivers, pressures, and actions, through use of statistical analysis.

• Chapter 1: Background

• Chapter 2: The state of the environment

• Chapter 3: Methodology

• Chapter 4: Freshwater-related ecosystems

• Chapter 5: Marine-related ecosystems

• Chapter 6: Data opportunities

• Chapter 7: Conclusions and recommendations

• Annexes