The objective of this cost-benefit analysis (CBA) study is to examine the benefits and costs of regulatory or policy interventions for 1) reducing Sulphur levels (targeting 50ppm Sulphur level) and 2) introducing vehicle fuel economy standards in Indonesia, to contribute to the global goal of 50% improvement in the average fuel efficiency for the global fleet. This study would provide various options that could form the basis of a national clean fuels and vehicle fuel economy strategy in Indonesia. Scenarios will be developed and assessed for their costs, benefits and effectiveness in reducing emissions and improving fuel efficiency.