This monograph is a contribution to these efforts and a companion volume to the Proceedings of the WHO/UNEP Air Pollution Workshop, Beqing, China October 1993 (WHO/EHG/PCS/95.22). It contains two papers: The first is a review paper that seeks to consolidate current knowledge and information concerning outdoor and indoor air pollution in China in urban and rural areas, and the health effects arising from it. The second paper focuses on air pollution and mortality in Shenyang, Liaoning Province,China. A detailed case study, it provides insight into the extent of air pollution in Shenyang and the methodology that can be used to conduct an epidemiology study when only limited resources are available.