This chapter focuses on the key transformations required in electricity supply, industry, buildings and transportation, while chapter 6 focuses on the transformation of food systems, and chapter 7 on transforming the financial system. For the purposes of this report, transformation is defined as “the reconfiguration of a system, including its component parts and the interactions between these elements, such that it leads to the formation of a new system that produces a qualitatively different outcome” (Boehm et al. 2021). For each sector, the shifts required to limit warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, including benchmarks for 2030 and 2050, are assessed and pressure points to accelerate action are identified. Sets of actions that are most critical to advance, as well as sets of actions that should be avoided given the barriers they create to accelerating change, are offered, while highlighting what various actors can do to accelerate action.