This study is the first comprehensive analysis of key emission sources and their impact on ground-level air pollution concentrations in Bishkek, thus providing decision-makers for the first time with scientific evidence for policy- making. The study analysed air quality monitoring data (2015-2021), developed and analysed emissions inventories, conducted local-scale dispersion modelling and analysed satellite data. Results of this study, including the Roadmap for Implementation of the Priority Policies and Measures can be used to prioritise air pollution interventions, focusing on what actions will result in the biggest health gains. This study provides an important foundation for other research to build on, opening the door for further understanding Bishkek’s air pollution, its sources and impacts, and how to improve air quality.