This multi-author volume is an attempt by the United Nations Environment to engage with the Heads of various biodiversity related conventions and Chairs of Scienti c Bodies of the conventions to understand the opportunities and challenges related to promoting synergies and mainstreaming issues. It is envisaged that this publication will provide further guidance to promoting issues of synergies and mainstreaming from the perspective of individual conventions that have contributed to this volume at various levels and guide our actions into the future.