This study is an attempt to understand the direct and indirect interactions between climate and society in Brazil. A set of climate impact case studies were identified and experts were selected to undertake these assessments. The 14 case studies include research on the salt industry, agriculture, electric power supply and demand, health and nutrition, the political aspects of droughts, flood and freeze damages, and so forth. Climate-related impact case studies were not undertaken in our study for the Amazon region because this region has received a large share of scientific and political attention both within Brazil and in the international community.