The intent of this report, which was an output of the National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environment Management (NCSA) project implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), is to provide a summary of what is known in 2008 about the status of Afghanistan’s biodiversity. There are three components: • a narrative summary of Afghan biodiversity; • a listing of known species of Afghan mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, molluscs and liverworts; and • a subject bibliography of published information on elements of Afghan biodiversity.