Rice production is under immense pressure from the increasing impacts of the climate crisis in Madagascar and Cambodia – two countries that are heavily reliant on rice cultivation for food security and economic stability. Implementing ecosystem-based strategies in rice production requires a holistic and integrated approach that values the interconnectedness of ecosystems, services and agriculture. It can lead to more sustainable and resilient rice farming systems, while contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation goals. This case study is part of the publication “Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed” (ISBN No: 978-92-807-4092-9). Suggested citation: United Nations Environment Programme (2023). Ecosystem-based adaptation: Rice farming in Cambodia and Madagascar. An online resource of Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed. Nairobi. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/43796