This study undertakes a vulnerability assessment of the freshwater resources of the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), based on input from technical experts and regional resource managers. The approach assumes that the vulnerability of freshwater resources is dependent upon the resources available to meet the productive, consumptive and environment usesthe pollution and development pressuresand the management capacity to respond to these pressures. This approach highlights the importance of drivers such as climate variability and change, population growth, urban migration and economic development to water resource vulnerability through their influence on the state of freshwater resources and the associated pressures.