The main purpose of the report is to provide baseline knowledge of the gaps in the legal, policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks for dealing with Land-based Sources and Activities (LBSA) issues in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) Region. The report forms part of a process towards the development of a new LBSA Protocol to the Convention for the management, protection and development of the coastal and marine environment in the Eastern Africa region (in short referred to as Nairobi Convention). The study is intended to create momentum towards necessary changes in legal and other frameworks as the Region looks forward to implement the proposed LBSA Protocol.