This paper provides macro and microeconomic evidence, based on empirical research, of the huge benefits of investing in sustainable environment and natural resource (ENR) management and sustainable agriculture in terms of economic gains, poverty reduction, food security and gender equality. The paper also demonstrates the economic, social and welfare costs of not investing in socially inclusive and economically desirable sustainable practices. It reviews the gaps between existing policies, public investments and implementation and the implications for achieving national, regional and global development goals.