This chapter provides an updated assessment of progress on nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term pledges, focusing on three key questions: 1. What global progress has been made — overall and since the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties COP 26 — by countries in their submissions of new or updated NDCs and long-term, net-zero emission pledges (section 3.2)? 2. What is the estimated impact on global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2030 of the latest NDCs, assuming they are fully achieved, and what progress is made by G20 members individually and collectively towards achieving their NDCs (section 3.3)? 3. What is the status of net-zero emission pledges by G20 members and are current policies and NDC targets aligned with the long-term pledges (section 3.4)?