The Wadi El Ku catchment area, covering some 26,000 km² (slightly smaller than the size of Belgium) of the Sahel region of Darfur, Sudan, and receiving an annual average rainfall of just around 220 mm (far below the world average of 990 mm), has been subject to an amalgam of climate impacts, including highly erratic and decreasing rainfall. This climatic instability, along with a range of fragility-related factors, has led to a breakdown in rain-fed pastoral and farming livelihoods and thus decreasing social cohesion with several outbreaks of violence between herders and farmers since the 1980s.