Mining and mineral processing has played a vital part in the history and economy of the Western Balkans. Richly endowed with mineral resources such as copper, chromite, lead and zinc, it boasts some of the largest deposits in Europe. Capitalizing on such mineral assets will be a priority for South Eastern Europe in order to boost local economies and attract foreign investment. To secure the environmental, economic and social sustainability of such new or restarted operations, the region will need to define and enforce a legal framework for sustainable mining practices.