The major objectives of the studies are to identify: i) The importation and consumption of LAB in various sectors and the future trends in ULAB, including the ULAB trade flow; ii) The evaluation of local management practices for ULAB recycling and the disposal of any smelting residues; iii) Environmental, occupational and population health risks, and hazards resulting from the disposal and/or recycling of ULAB; and iv) The shortcomings in ULAB management and recycling, and especially, requirements for legal instruments, capacity building, and future action plans, based on the recommendations from stakeholders.