The process for integrating ecosystem services into ecosystem-based management is currently one of the greatest challenges in the management of the marine and coastal resources in the Western Indian Ocean region. Priorities for the programme of work for the Nairobi Convention therefore include: integrated ecosystem-based management of marine and coastal ecosystems including transboundary resources; assessments and capacity development on the valuation of coastal and marine ecosystems to contribute to regional and global assessments; adaptation to climate change to reduce vulnerability and build resilience; and environmental governance to strengthen regional instruments for intergovernmental dialogue and the development of policies and laws for transboundary ecosystems.